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Thick or keloid scarring is possible; minimally invasive approaches leave smaller scars.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":1,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"One operation under a single admission, for a standard uncomplicated primary procedure."},"stages":[{"code":"surgery","label":"Open heart operation with sternotomy and, in most cases, cardiopulmonary bypass","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Performed on the day of the procedure."}}],"qualifier":"Single-stage operation; follow-up checks and rehabilitation are not counted as treatment sessions."},"success":{"metric":"30-day operative survival","value":97,"unit":"percent","horizon":"30 days after surgery","population":"Adults undergoing elective isolated CABG","evidence_status":"proven"},"techniques":[{"name":"Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), on-pump or off-pump","suits_whom":"Patients with multivessel or left main coronary artery disease","recovery":"Hospital stay of about 5-8 days; return to usual activities in about 6-12 weeks."},{"name":"Valve repair or replacement (mechanical or bioprosthetic)","suits_whom":"Patients with severe symptomatic valve disease","recovery":"Hospital stay of about 6-10 days; mechanical valves need lifelong anticoagulation; usual activities resume in about 6-12 weeks."},{"name":"Aortic root or ascending aorta surgery","suits_whom":"Patients with aortic aneurysm or dissection involving the proximal aorta","recovery":"Often longer ICU and hospital stay; recovery over about 3 months."},{"name":"Minimally invasive or robotic-assisted cardiac surgery","suits_whom":"Selected patients with suitable anatomy, mainly for mitral or isolated procedures","recovery":"May allow a somewhat quicker recovery with a smaller incision; not suitable for all patients."}],"treatment_conditions":["inpatient"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":3,"max":6,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Operating time for typical single-procedure adult surgery, such as CABG or single valve; combined procedures take longer."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Coronary angiography report and images","Echocardiogram report","Recent ECG","Cardiologist's discharge summary or diagnosis letter","List of blood thinners and cardiac medications","Cardiac CT or MRI report (if available)"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":1,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"Single operation; stay about 2-3 weeks including hospital days and early recovery. 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