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Later with stent, fever, pain or bleeding."},"follow_up_visits":[{"purpose":"splint_removal","requirement":"conditional","after":{"min":7,"max":21,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Stent removal or review if a stent was placed."}},{"purpose":"result_review","requirement":"routine","after":{"min":30,"max":90,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Imaging to confirm stone clearance."}}],"indications":["Kidney stones, especially lower-pole, multiple, or unsuitable for other approaches","Proximal ureteral stones","Stones after failed shock wave lithotripsy","Upper urinary tract urothelial lesions needing inspection or biopsy","Ureteral or pelvicalyceal strictures","Unexplained hematuria needing upper tract evaluation"],"main_risks":["Urinary tract infection, fever or sepsis","Bleeding or hematuria, rarely needing transfusion","Ureteral injury, perforation or stricture","Stent-related discomfort and urgency","Residual stone fragments, renal colic and possible repeat procedure","Anesthesia-related risks"],"pain":"Mild to moderate flank pain, urgency and burning, especially with a stent; usually controlled with oral analgesics.","preparation":["Urine test and treatment of any infection","Stone imaging, typically non-contrast CT","Blood tests and anesthesia assessment","Fasting before anesthesia as instructed","Discussion of possible stent and staged approach","Arrange a ride home"],"recovery_timeline":[{"phase":"Day of procedure","description":"Recovery from anesthesia and walking the same day; urinary catheter, if placed, is usually removed within a day.","restrictions":["No driving after anesthesia"]},{"phase":"First week","description":"Blood-tinged urine, stent symptoms and flank discomfort are common; hydration is encouraged.","restrictions":["Avoid heavy lifting"]},{"phase":"Weeks 1 to 3","description":"Stent removal if placed; return to normal activity.","restrictions":["Avoid strenuous exercise until symptoms settle"]},{"phase":"At any time","description":"Seek urgent assessment for fever or chills, severe flank pain, heavy bleeding with clots, or inability to urinate.","restrictions":[]}],"rehabilitation_days":{"min":3,"max":7,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Ordinary functional recovery after uncomplicated procedure; stent symptoms may last longer."},"result_longevity":"Stone removal is immediate, but recurrence is common and depends on metabolic factors and prevention; no fixed duration.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":5,"max":20,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Repeat or staged ureteroscopy for residual stones, mainly with large intrarenal stone burden; lower for small stones."},"scars":"No incisions; performed through the natural urinary tract, so no visible scars.","sessions_or_stages":{"sessions":{"min":1,"max":2,"unit":"visits","qualifier":"Usually one procedure; a second is sometimes needed for large stone burden or pre-stenting."},"stages":[{"code":"ureteroscopy","label":"Flexible ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy or inspection","after":{"min":0,"max":0,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Initial procedure"}}],"qualifier":"Stent removal and imaging are follow-up care, not treatment stages."},"success":{"metric":"Stone-free rate after a single flexible ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy","value":75,"unit":"percent","horizon":"1-3 months, on imaging","population":"Adults with kidney stones up to about 2 cm; lower for larger burdens","evidence_status":"limited"},"techniques":[{"name":"Flexible ureteroscopy with holmium laser lithotripsy (fragmentation or dusting, basket extraction)","suits_whom":"Adults with kidney or ureteral stones, particularly lower-pole or moderate-size stones","recovery":"Same-day or next-day discharge; stent symptoms if a stent is left."},{"name":"Diagnostic flexible ureteroscopy with biopsy","suits_whom":"Suspected upper tract lesions or unexplained hematuria","recovery":"Usually brief hematuria and mild discomfort."}],"treatment_conditions":["day_case"],"treatment_duration_hours":{"min":0.5,"max":2,"unit":"hours","qualifier":"Operative time for one uncomplicated stone procedure; depends on stone burden."},"initial_assessment_documents":["Non-contrast CT KUB report and images","Urine culture result","Recent blood tests including creatinine","Ultrasound report of kidneys (if available)","List of blood thinners","Previous stone or urological surgery reports (if available)"],"travel_trips":{"min":1,"max":1,"one_trip_possible":true,"qualifier":"Single procedure; stay about 2-7 days until surgeon clearance. Stent removal and imaging can be done at home."},"clinic_checks":{"status":"ok","items":[{"id":"C1","text":"Check the qualifications of the clinician who will be doing the procedure","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/medical-tourism","host":"wwwnc.cdc.gov","quote":"Check the qualifications of the clinician who will be doing the procedure and the credentials of the facility where the procedure will be done.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-14","http_status":200}},{"id":"C2","text":"Check whether the facility is accredited, since accreditation requires meeting published standards","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/medical-tourism","host":"wwwnc.cdc.gov","quote":"Accrediting groups, including Joint Commission International, DNV GL International Accreditation for Hospitals, and the International Society for Quality in Healthcare, have lists of standards that healthcare facilities need to 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could lead to misunderstandings about your care.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-14","http_status":200}},{"id":"F2","text":"An advert or information that guarantees complete success should raise concerns","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelaware.campaign.gov.uk/surgery-abroad-cut-out-the-risk/","host":"travelaware.campaign.gov.uk","quote":"Any advert or information that guarantees complete success should raise concerns.","tier":"tier1_medical","fetched_at":"2026-11-11","http_status":200}},{"id":"F3","text":"Forceful persuasion or cheap, time-limited offers pushing you into a quick decision","scope":"treatment_abroad","source":{"url":"https://travelaware.campaign.gov.uk/surgery-abroad-cut-out-the-risk/","host":"travelaware.campaign.gov.uk","quote":"Don’t be pressured into quick decisions either through forceful persuasion or cheap, time limited 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