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Minor events excluded."},"contraindications":["Active smoking or nicotine use (relative; stop before surgery)","Uncontrolled medical conditions (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, hypertension)","Active infection or unhealed skin disease in the chest area","Bleeding disorders or inability to stop anticoagulants (relative)","Severe untreated mental illness impairing consent or aftercare","Pregnancy","Very high BMI (relative; may increase risk and affect result)"],"days_in_clinic":{"min":0,"max":1,"unit":"nights","qualifier":"Typical uncomplicated chest masculinization (double incision or similar) with discharge same day or after one night; drains may be placed."},"diagnostic_duration_minutes":null,"diagnostic_preparation":null,"diagnostic_referral_needed":null,"diagnostic_result_time_hours":null,"exercise_resume_weeks":{"min":4,"max":6,"unit":"weeks","qualifier":"Light walking early; upper-body and chest-loading exercise generally resumed gradually after surgeon clearance, often 4-6 weeks or later."},"final_result_months":{"min":6,"max":12,"unit":"months","qualifier":"Swelling, scar maturation and chest contour settle gradually; scars continue to mature longer."},"fly_home_after_days":{"min":7,"max":14,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Drains come out at 2-3 days; flying is allowed after the 1-week review if no complications and surgeon approves."},"follow_up_visits":[{"purpose":"wound_check","requirement":"routine","after":{"min":2,"max":7,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Early check, drain removal and dressing change if applicable."}},{"purpose":"suture_removal","requirement":"conditional","after":{"min":7,"max":14,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Only for non-absorbable sutures; dressings or nipple graft bolsters removed around 1 week."}},{"purpose":"result_review","requirement":"routine","after":{"min":90,"max":180,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Assessment of contour, scarring and possible revision needs."}}],"indications":["Gender dysphoria in transgender or non-binary people seeking masculine chest","Persistent chest dysphoria affecting daily life or well-being"],"main_risks":["Hematoma or seroma","Infection","Delayed wound healing or wound separation","Partial or total nipple-areola graft loss","Altered or reduced nipple/chest sensation","Visible scarring, hypertrophic scars or keloid","Contour irregularities, asymmetry or residual tissue (dog-ears)","Need for revision surgery","Anesthesia-related risks and venous thromboembolism"],"pain":"Mild to moderate soreness, tightness and pressure for the first several days, usually controlled with oral analgesics; improves substantially within 1-2 weeks.","preparation":["Surgical consultation and eligibility/readiness assessment according to local standards","Pre-operative medical evaluation and baseline tests as needed","Stop smoking and nicotine well before and after surgery","Review medications and supplements with the surgeon","Fasting before general anesthesia as instructed","Arrange transport and help at home for the first days","Obtain a compression garment and plan for drains if used"],"recovery_timeline":[{"phase":"Days 0-7","description":"Rest with compression dressing or binder; drains may be in place; swelling and bruising peak.","restrictions":["No heavy lifting","Avoid raising arms above shoulder level","No driving while on opioid analgesics"]},{"phase":"Weeks 2-4","description":"Return to light daily activity and desk work; sutures and dressings removed; compression continues.","restrictions":["No strenuous exercise","Avoid lifting heavy objects"]},{"phase":"Weeks 4-6","description":"Gradual return to normal activity and light exercise with surgeon clearance.","restrictions":["Avoid chest-loading and strenuous upper-body exercise until cleared"]},{"phase":"Months 3-12","description":"Swelling resolves, sensation changes evolve and scars mature.","restrictions":["Sun protection and scar care as advised"]}],"rehabilitation_days":{"min":7,"max":14,"unit":"days","qualifier":"Daily activities and desk work resume in 1-2 weeks; heavy lifting takes about 4-6 weeks, not counted."},"result_longevity":"Results are generally long-lasting, though contour may change with significant weight change, and revision may sometimes be desired.","revision_rate_pct":{"min":5,"max":15,"unit":"percent","qualifier":"Secondary surgery for contour irregularity, dog-ears, scar or nipple correction; higher with periareolar technique and larger chests."},"scars":"Double incision leaves horizontal scars along the lower chest border and around grafted nipples; periareolar technique leaves scars around the areola. 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